注会综合阶段英语水平提升班——第七单元1

> 下载该文档 （更多资料请加备考QQ群：202534086（报班优惠券发放））

Marginal costing                                变动成本法（边际成本法）

Cost-volume-profit （CVP）         本量利分析

Contribution margin                         贡献边际，贡献毛益，贡献毛利

Margin of safety                                安全边际

Variable cost                                        变动成本

Fixed cost                                                固定成本

Discretionary Fixed Cost                 酌量性固定成本

Committed Fixed Cost                 约束性固定成本

1. CVP analysis is a means of learning how costs and profits behave in response to changes in the level of business activity.

CVP analysis is often called break even analysis, in reference to the point at which total revenue exactly equals total cost. The break-even point may be defined as the level of activity at which operating income is equal to zero.  

CPV 分析也称为盈亏平衡分析。 盈亏临界点是企业收入和全部成本相等的经营状态，即企业所处的既不盈利也不亏损的状态。

2. The contribution margin is simply the amount by which revenue exceeds variable costs.

贡献边际＝收入－变动成本

3. The dollar amount by which actual sales volume exceeds the break even sales volume is called the margin of safety.

安全边际是指正常销售额超过盈亏临界点销售额的差额。（它表明销售额下降多少企业仍不致亏损）

4. Measurement

Measurement                       method of computation

The budgeted annual output of a factory is 120,000 units. The fixed overheads amount to $40,000 and the variable costs are 50c per unit. The sales price is $1 per unit.

Required:

To calculate Margin of safety

5. Sensitivity analysis

Sensitivity analysis takes each uncertain factor in turn, and calculates the change that would be necessary in that factor before the original decision is reversed. Typically, it involves posing “what-if” questions. E.g. If initial investment increases by 18%, the project profit will be zero. If price falls by more than 2%, the project will make a loss.

By using this technique it is possible to establish which estimates (variables) are more critical than others in affecting a decision.

The usefulness of sensitivity analysis ：

w Sensitivity analysis can be used to assess the robustness of a strategy

(project), will it continue to deliver its major benefit if some key variables change.

w It provides management with more information than a single point

estimate of an outcome.

w It provides a range of predicted outcomes depending on change in key

variable.

w It considers risk and uncertainty by offering alternative scenario –

increase realism and complexity.

A Company has estimated the following sales and profits for a new product which it may launch on to the market.

Required:

Analyze the sensitivity of the project.

Solution:

If Fixed cost  ↑25%, Project will make a loss

If material cost  ↑10%, Project will make a loss

If labor cost   ↑20%, Project will make a loss

If Price↓  5%, Project will make a loss

If volume   ↓20%, Project will make a loss